Countering a spell that has been cast will not prevent you from drawing the card.

Your maximum hand size is checked only during the cleanup step of your turn. At any other time, you may have any number of cards in hand.

The triggered ability will trigger when you play a land card or cast a nonland card as a spell. It won't trigger when you play a copy of a card, such as with Isochron Scepter.

If multiple effects modify your hand size, apply them in timestamp order. For example, if you put Spellbook (an artifact that says you have no maximum hand size) onto the battlefield and then put Null Profusion onto the battlefield, your maximum hand size will be two. However, if those permanents entered in the opposite order, you would have no maximum hand size.